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Admixture in concrete.

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ABSTRACT Some major projects have been proposed immediately, not only does it have a huge demand for concrete, but it also has very high demands on the quality of concrete. Concrete admixtures are chemical substances added to concrete. Reasonable use of admixtures can effectively improve the properties of concrete. In recent years, with the continuous improvement of the quality requirements of concrete in the construction industry and advances in chemical technologies, many new chemical materials have been used in concrete admixtures, and it has become necessary to study the effect of admixtures in concrete. The types of admixtures are various. In this paper, the effects of antifreeze, hardener and compound admixtures in concrete are explored, which provides technical guidance for the application of admixtures in concrete. Introduction Concrete is still a very important building material during the construction of a building project. With the continuous development of science and techn...
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SOIL STABILIZATION METHODS AND MATERIALS

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SOIL STABILIZATION METHODS AND MATERIALS TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION COMPONENTS OF STABILIZATION Soils Stabilizing Agents Cement Lime Fly–Ash Blast Furnace Slags Pozzolanas Factors Affecting the Strength of Stabilized Soil Organic Matter Sulphates Sulphides Compaction Moisture Content Temperature Freeze-Thaw and Dry-Wet Effects STABILIZATION METHODS In–Situ Stabilization Deep Mixing Method Quality Control and Quality Assurance Applications Mass Stabilization Ex-Situ Stabilization REFERENCES INTRODUCTION Site feasibility study for geotechnical projects is of far most beneficial before a project  can take off.  Site survey usually takes place before the design process begins in order to understand the characteristics of subsoil upon which the decision on location of the project can be made.  The following geotechnical design criteria have to be considered during site selection.  Design load and function of the structure. Type of foundation to be used. Bearin...
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Chemical Stabilization of soil

Chemical Stabilization Chemical stabilizers, also known as soil binders or soil palliatives, provide temporary soil stabilization.  Vinyl, asphalt, or rubber are sprayed onto the surface of exposed soils to hold the soil in place and minimize erosion from runoff and wind.  These materials are easily applied to the surface of the soil, can stabilize areas where vegetation cannot be established, and provide immediate protection.  Applicability  Use chemical stabilizers alone in areas where other methods of stabilization are not effective because of environmental constraints, or use them in combination with vegetative or perimeter practices to enhance erosion and sediment control.    Siting and Design Considerations  Closely follow the manufacturer's recommended application procedures to prevent the products from pooling and creating impervious areas where stormwater cannot infiltrate.  Limitations  Chemical stabilizers, if improperly applied, c...
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SOLID WASTE HANDLING

SOLID WASTE HANDLING  It is important to control litter to eliminate trash and other materials in storm water  runoff.  Waste reduction is a major component of waste management and should be   encouraged through training and public outreach.  Management of waste once it is  collected may involve reuse, recycling, or proper disposal.  Specific solid waste  handling activities may include one or more of the following:  1. Solid Waste Collection  2. Waste Reduction and Recycling  3. Hazardous Waste Collection  4. Litter Control  Reduce by purchasing only  the amount needed.  Reuse products when  possible.  Recycle leftover products  that are recyclable, and  dispose of other wastes  safely.  POLLUTION PREVENTION:   Pollution prevention measures have been considered and incorporated in the model procedures. Implementation of  these measures may be more effective and reduce or e...
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Collection and Transfer of Solid Waste

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What does Collection and Transfer encompass ? • collection of solid waste (by external stakeholders) from its various sources or from communal storage facilities, and transportation of this waste to the place of final disposal. • It also considers all activities related to loading of waste into collection vehicles, and unloading of waste from collection vehicles at communal collection points, processing places, transfer stations and final disposal sites. • is the largest cost element in most municipal solid waste management systems, accounting for 60–70 per cent of costs in industrialized countries, and 70–90 per cent of costs in developing and transition countries (IETC, 1996). Classification of Collection System Classified based on. • availability of collection services, • the mode of operation and • the types of waste materials collected Primary Collection  collection of solid waste from the source of generation and transportation of waste to the final disposal site, but mo...
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